Liu Lin,Comparison of Literature and World Institute of Literature and Press and Communication of Shandong University。I went to the University of California, the University of California for visiting scholars twice in 2003 and 2008。
In recent years,I have the opportunity to be a visiting scholar at the University of California Berkeley and San Diego.,Actual participation in classroom teaching from undergraduates to graduate students,The characteristics and advantages of literary teaching in American universities in person,I feel that some practices are quite creative,Full of capital, let's learn from。
The current teaching mode in the United States can be traced back to the 1920s,Development and evolution has so far,After experiencing the disciplinary start -up stage、Non -professional stage、New criticism stage、Institutionalization and theoretical stage。Each stage has different characteristics。"Non -professional stage" is also known as "Scholarship",The scholars here mainly refer to language scholars,Literary teachers are basically language teachers,Teaching is mainly taught by ancient languages,The focus is on ancient Latin,Modern writers talk very little,The purpose of teaching is basically training and training a language skill。At that time,Most literary teachers have insufficient understanding of literature themselves,I even think that literature is not to teach,The popularity of the popular moment is,"Literature teach yourself。"",The classroom teaching atmosphere of this period is dull and boring,Recite language rules、Ancient work selection segments became the main content of class,No wonder students will complain: "Learning Latin only makes me hate Latin。"From the 1930s to the 1950s, the most active criticism of the United States、The most creative period。A group of new critics have been hired by major universities,eliminated and transformed the original teacher team,Introduce the text to classroom teaching,Classroom teaching has changed from "scholar stage" to "critic bet365 live casino gamesstage"。"Understanding Poetry" (published by 1938) and "Published by Novels" (published by 1943) edited by Brooks and Warren have become widely popular basic textbooks,More than 60%of colleges and universities。Later researchers recognized,These two textbooks "Teach newly criticized orthodox concepts to students who learn literature in the United States for a whole generation of literature"。Newly criticized literary concepts and teaching methods unique,Launch the basic pattern and concept method of literary teaching in the United States after that,and have major international influence,Become a literary and teaching practice recognized by the international academic community。Although this model has also been questioned in the second half of the 20th century,But it is still the most popular in American universities、The most representative teaching mode。It is generally considered,New criticism seems to die,But in fact, its power is all aspects of teaching activities,So we can't feel its existence。such as Paul & Middot; Deman interprets Rousseau's "New Love Luo Qisi",Still using a detailed reading method to analyze the symbol and ironic meaning of the text of the work。Another contribution of the new criticism is to help American literature establish its own subject status,Make literary teaching with obvious professional characteristics。
After the academic orientation of the American literary research community has changed,Literature professors have not simply degraded the detailed reading methods advocated by new criticisms into "formalism" or "textism" and the high cabinet,Throw it to the old paper pile of history。In today's American university classroom,This method is still very obvious,But usually according to the differences of the subject,There has always been the difference between "simple" and "complex"。The former used for the "Introduction" course of the low grade of undergraduate students in the Department of English Literature,The latter is mainly used for undergraduate senior and graduate stage。No matter what ways,All include reading-Questions and Answers-Discussion-Evaluation and other stages。At the beginning of the semester,Professor will give the course outline、Reading book、Class requirements and assessment methods,More details to give the course progress table,Make students in the hearts of students,When to say bet365 live casino bettingwhat works,But it will also indicate that the professor has the power to adjust the course progress at any time。There are also some American students who cannot complete reading according to the progress,Especially in the low grade,Academic interest cannot be completely determined,It is difficult to ensure that students will read the work exactly as required,But in the graduate stage,This situation is basically rare。
Student reading is only prepared for classroom teaching,To make students complete reading,You must use a specific method to stimulate students' consciousness。If the teacher is fully taught as knowledge,According to this Xuanke,It is difficult to test the reading situation of students。Students will feel,Notes is equivalent to learning knowledge。Experienced professors often use "seminar" in the classroom to teach,Constantly ask questions,to guide students,Close to the correct answer。When the teacher asked questions,Anyone who completes reading homework,Generally, the answer can be found in the classroom through personal thinking,And failed to complete the reading operation for various reasons,Lack of original materials for thinking problems,I will find "no" income soon in learning,It is difficult to follow。A large job of the teacher is actually completed in the class,ready to prepare related questions,Classroom teaching is actually guiding discussion。The biggest benefit of this method is,Students get answers in personal thinking,or get answers in the classroom discussion with the teacher,So students will get a "hallucination",It seems that I found the answer,It will undoubtedly greatly stimulate interest or creativity,The more you learn the more you want,Form a virtuous cycle。Sometimes,Students start to discuss questions with professors as soon as they class,Get an important inspiration in the answer of a professor or other students。In this case,Those who have not completed reading,or do you have not thought about the problem,or students who have no problems at all to ask can basically waste time,Both listen to problems,I don’t understand the answer,It has become the foil of others,Complete a lesson like a needle felt,If you still want to continue this course in the future,Naturally, the learning method will be changed。
It is in this day after day training,Students to develop the habit of bet365 live casino bettingthinking about thinking。The premise of this method is,No one will think automatically,Students will not,Because thinking ability is high -level rational ability,Not a visual or auditory sensory ability,It's like a person's life,As long as there is no disability,You can see the eyes,Ears can be heard; but even then,There must be some mechanism to inspire or force him to think,This is the duty of the teacher。But this method also puts forward higher requirements for teachers,The workload is very large,Not only does it need to be familiar with the work,And to master the research history and current status of the work; not only to grasp the intention of the work,And to show the problem of the work intention in the form of problems,Forms from easy to difficult,Coherent overall front and rear,And the problems that the students may have raised are clearly on the chest,Answer free。So,Professor of Literature also often warns doctors,These future literary teachers,"Don't let your students ask you to sweat with your head。"(do n’t let your students sweat you.)
This method is used for undergraduate teaching,Also used for graduate teaching,There is only a difference between the two,without qualitative differences。University of California Literature,Including English Literature、Comparison literature and other majors,Master's training is rarely,Most graduate students are studying for a doctorate degree,These graduate students do not distinguish between grades,During the three -year training stage,Students choose any lesson,But you need to take a full degree of credits。Professor starts the class as the direction of your own research expertise,Especially after completing a certain project,Convert project research results directly into teaching content,Do this in this way,Can test the results of the project,It can also make students easier to get close to academic frontier or current hot topics。Classroom,Often controversy,Start academic dialogue between teachers and students。In this open freedom、Discussion on contemporary sensitive topics,Students are likely to be inspired,Determine your doctoral thesis selection。If we arranged a doctoral dissertation of 20 or thirty years,You can find the trajectory of the evolution of the thinking,Live from salary,Endless feeling。
The final assessment is undoubtedly an important bet365 games best slotspart of teaching work,Evaluate students,Also assessment teacher。Undergraduate students are mostly closed exams,The content of the teacher in the test questions only accounts for a few parts,will not exceed 30%,A large amount of content is not involved in classroom teaching。focusing on evaluating students' hands -on ability,The ability to interpret the work,instead of the ability of memory class notes。This assessment method,The intention is to tell students,I cannot pass the exam with only memorization。This method is easier for some students,No need to recite a lot of content,Just use it on the spot to use the ability to develop in the classroom again,But it is difficult for students who have learned a lot,Facing a new text is basically nothing to say。The assessment of graduate students is relatively complicated,All are short papers,But before the fixed manuscript, you need to go through several classroom discussions,Finally renamed it in the discussion and even the debate。The quality of homework actually performed very clearly in the discussion,Every student knows his performance,I also know the performance of others。To ensure fairness,The result is the last public。Except for scores,Professor must also write a comment,This part cannot be made public,The original store is stored in the student file,Copies are sealed by the teacher directly to the students。The role of the comments is to make up for a simple score deficiency,Focus on evaluating students' classroom performance,That is the contribution of students to classroom teaching。Sometimes the number of excellent quota for test scores is limited,Teachers will give a high evaluation through comment。So,When assessing scholarships,Professor's comment is highly valued。
The paper will be shallow on the paper,Awareness of this matter must be bowed。Teaching activities itself is a very practical work。Whether teachers or students,Finally facing all the specific courses of the door。No matter how effective teaching methods,Only in this way can not keep medical treatment,Really use this method in teaching,Even in a class,It also needs to be down -to -earth、persistently practical practice,So as to effectively master the operating rules and operation points,Form a high -level teaching mode。
Before the Library of St. Diego Center of the University of California
Take a group photo with teachers of the University of California San Diego