The evening of November 28th，Professor Yuan Yulin of Peking University is a guest at the New Xingtan Forum of the School of Liberal Arts of Shandong University，Delivered a lecture titled “Representativeness and Factuality: Two Navigation Mechanisms of Linguistic Reasoning”。The lecture was hosted by Professor Zhang Shuzheng from the School of Liberal Arts，Many teachers and students listened to this lecture together。

The beginning of the lecture，Professor Yuan Yulin gave several interesting examples，Explanation that the use of language requires us to grasp the various forms of clues provided by language expression，Utilize various language reasoning mechanisms，Understand the tips of verbal reasoning。Professor Yuan Yulin said that the realization of all this is due to the inherent language ability of human beings，And this ability needs to be implemented bet365 online betting appin specific terms and constructions。This lecture mainly focuses on the two aspects of language’s narrative reasoning navigation mechanism and factual reasoning navigation mechanism。Lecture Part 1，Professor Yuan Yulin talks about the debate between Skinner and Chomsky，He agrees with Chomsky’s view that people are born with various a priori cognitive structures and language abilities。But，In language use，Conceptual structure based on experience is the basic cognitive resource for cognitive structure and language ability to function。Professor Yuan Yulin clearly stated: Many practical examples in language use，Proof that many of the mechanisms that guide semantic reasoning are built into the vocabulary or constructions of a language。Among them，Predicate-object verbs with different narrative functions and different types of counterfactual expressions，Provides direction for linguistic reasoning、Orbit set，Thus becoming a navigation mechanism that facilitates people's language generation and understanding。Professor Yuan Yulin cited numerous examples，Predicates such as "know (know)"，It is the fact that the referent of the subject realizes that a certain state of affairs stated by its object is a fact，That bet365 online sports bettingis, it presupposes that the proposition represented by its object is true；Even after adding the negative word "no" in front，Still so。This kind of predicate is called "substantial predicate"。And predicates such as "suspicious (yes)" are the subjects who realize that the state of affairs stated by their objects is not a fact，But an illusion or illusion；That is, presupposing that the proposition represented by its object is false。This kind of predicate is called "anti-real predicate"。And "believe、persistence、Considering that predicates such as "do not presuppose the truth value of the proposition represented by its object，At most, it just expresses the subject’s subjective stance on relevant matters based on its own social role。This kind of predicate is called "non-substantial predicate"。Because of the limitations of human cognitive experience，The listener must be careful about the authenticity of his message。Finally Professor Yuan Yulin’s summary，Narrative reality is actually a special form of expression and realization of the interactive subjectivity of language expression。

Lecture Part 2，Professor Yuan Yulin focused on "causal reasoning and its dynamic mechanism behind counterfactual expressions"，He calls "counterfactual thinking" bet365 online gamesa basic cognitive ability of modern humans。He cited two criminal cases that occurred in China and the United States，Especially the attribution expressions in the two plaintiffs’ complaints as examples，Explains the systematic differences in the use and language expression of counterfactual thinking among different races and groups。Counterfactual reasoning is an extreme and exaggerated form of causal reasoning。It places relevant facts into a fictional possible world，Reimagine one of the conditions，Introduce the opposite result to what has already happened；and，Attribution accordingly，Identify a necessary condition as a main reason or a necessary and sufficient condition，In order to carry out corresponding accountability。Therefore，This kind of one-sided argumentation，Making the validity of its inference uncertain。But in people’s psychology，Counterfactual reasoning is often acceptable，Because humans are born with a preference for causal relationships，Sometimes even to the point of superstition。Professor Yuan Yulin borrows the mental model of "force dynamics"，Saying that one event causes another event is equivalent to an antagonistic force acting directly on an active force。antagonism Bet365 gamesdirectly、Deliberately causing the active force to change its inherent state，This force dynamic prototype is the semantic basis of causal structures in language。People can use the causal dynamics mechanism of counterfactual reasoning to hypothesize another possibility for the fait accompli，Thus balancing the bad emotions caused by the fait accompli，And plan and find decision-making basis for future behaviors in similar situations。Last，Professor Yuan Yulin said，Representational and factual expressions have specific semantic presuppositions and implications，Two navigation mechanisms that can be used as linguistic reasoning。They are often effective in guiding people's reasoning and truth judgments，But not always reliable。Interactive session，Yuan Yulin answered the questions raised by the students in detail and patiently。