I am at Peking University、Teaching at Shandong University and other schools，Students often ask me what basic books they should bet365 live casino betting，means books other than majors。A classmate is going abroad recently，I gave her a reading list。Afterwards, I carefully compiled this book list，Thought it would also be of reference value to ordinary college students。I am not a "teacher" or "teacher"，This move is nothing more than some views on current university education，I hope to use the book list to make some suggestions for improvement。In fact, the book list is also my own，The books in it are also re-reading for me、The need for continuous learning。
The book list is proposed with realistic orientation。In recent years，Many universities are beginning to focus on general education。But why liberal education？How to carry out？What does bet365 live casino betting have to do with professional education？How effective is the teaching？All worthy of careful review。General education should contain several meanings: this is the education for all college students；In terms of professional education，Belongs to non-professionals、Non-vocational education，Can complement each other with professional education；Also，This is holistic education or liberal arts education，Through contact with the essence of human culture，In Humanities、Society、Acquire general knowledge in natural sciences and other fields，Cultivation and education、Able、Responsible Citizen，bet365 live casino betting is best to be the kind that is tolerant and insightful、A person with a liberal spirit and beautiful emotions。General education positioned in this way，Not just adjustments and supplements to the curriculum，Not to mention some platters for decoration，Instead, we implement an educational philosophy that is more conducive to cultivating a sound personality and liberal arts spirit。
General education should guide students to contact the classics of human culture。Don’t engage in a “platter” of knowledge，bet365 live casino betting some relatively recognized basic books，And bet365 live casino betting it thoroughly。In just three or four years of precious college time，bet365 live casino betting many “excerpts” or summaries instead of just skimming them，Looking around at various "nice" lectures，It’s better to bet365 live casino betting through it、Twenty classics。Various "Introductions" or "History of Literature", "History of Philosophy" and "History of Art" are also useful，It is to provide basic knowledge background and bibliography，But this cannot replace a thorough reading of the original text。Want to know the taste of pears，Just try it with your own mouth，bet365 live casino betting classics，What we need is that kind of understanding、Thinking、The process of self-cultivation，This is the necessary way for spiritual growth。
Due to the time gap，Classics are not easy to bet365 live casino betting。Reading classics requires calmness，"Grudge",There is a transcendence，Have a respect，Use your feelings and spirituality as much as possible to get closer，To understand，You can go deep into the secrets，Elegant interests will slowly develop。Now it is fashionable to subvert the classics，People lose their traditional sense of dignity，Too much “cultural fast food” and garbage under subversion，Surrounded by teenagers，They no longer have good reading habits。In addition to facing exams, many students，There is actually very little reading，Very limited reading of classic works，Even if there is contact，It may not be a classic original，Maybe just bet365 live casino betting some fun and relaxing things online，Contains “parody” text，This is susceptible to that kind of value dissolution、Relativism and even the ideological influence of game life，And it also ruined your reading taste，There is a real danger of "lifelong damage"。We bet365 live casino betting classics，Can develop good reading habits，bet365 live casino betting more，bet365 live casino betting good books，Good Reading，bet365 live casino betting the entire book。It is something that lays the foundation for life。
I advocate that each university reduce the number of "platter" general courses，Cannot be satisfied with giving lectures that are sensational and attract the audience，There should be more comprehensive courses on Chinese and foreign classics。For example, let students bet365 live casino betting through four chapters in one semester、Five classics。Teacher provides appropriate guidance，Not much to say，Mainly students bet365 live casino betting by themselves。Arrange some every semester，Require students to take electives within a certain range。It’s not difficult to do。If the school does not arrange classes in this area，Students can make their own arrangements。These 20 kinds of books are the basic bibliography，The quantity is not large，Can persist in studying for four years in college，That’s pretty good，It will definitely benefit a lot。I’m a little confused sometimes，Why are all the graduate students in literature, history and philosophy reading "Those Things in the Ming Dynasty"，It is rare to see anyone reading "History of the Ming Dynasty"？Have you ever bet365 live casino betting the basic classics，Quality and style are often different。
bet365 live casino betting classics，Note that Bet365 loginthere are several levels。First, the level of knowledge and understanding。For example, when reading Plato's "The Republic"，Not easy to understand，You can first look for relevant books on the history of Western philosophy or common sense books on Greek philosophy for reference。It doesn’t matter if you bet365 live casino betting it boldly，Just know roughly。Then finish reading "Utopia"，You should have a general understanding of some fundamental issues in Western culture。The second is the level of enlightenment and thinking，It’s better to have more “why” in reading，Even some doubts，Think boldly about some issues。It can also be combined with some related research papers，Conduct preliminary exploration。For example, bet365 live casino betting Jameson's "The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism"，It will naturally lead to critical thinking about some new social phenomena in the current Internet era。Third，Also the most important，It is the level of perception，Reading that blends rationality and sensibility，Appropriately transcend and think about the wisdom and significance of classics，Think about the relationship between yourself and the world，Think about how you should shoulder your responsibilities to the world，etc.。This cannot be solved with ordinary knowledge，Must be immersed in the spiritual world created by classics，Feeling through oneself、Han Yong、Experience to achieve，This is the characteristic of humanistic education。Of course，Three levels may overlap each other，Not necessarily split up。
There are many ways to bet365 live casino betting。I prefer to bet365 live casino betting it three times。First rough reading，Can be combined with relevant "summary" readings，Just have a general impression of the classic texts，bet365 live casino betting it faster this time，Can be browsed。bet365 live casino betting it more carefully the second time，Basically master the spiritual context of classics，Can bet365 live casino betting a thick book into a thin book，Use your own words (in fact, through your own thinking) to briefly summarize the essence of the book。Third time，bet365 live casino betting with questions，bet365 live casino betting with emphasis，If it is a literary work，It requires immersive reading，Tasteful、Han Yong。Of course，Everyone has different reading habits，Everyone can bet365 live casino betting it in their own way。bet365 live casino betting these 20 books，It is possible to follow the clues，Interested in choosing a certain aspect for more in-depth reading，Then，There are “points” and “faces”，Understanding and perception of Chinese and foreign cultures and civilizations，I feel somewhat confident。Reading classics can develop good reading habits and reading taste，This is a precious way of life，It’s something that lays the foundation for a lifetime。
To select 20 basic books for college students to bet365 live casino betting from the vast treasure house of human knowledge，It’s not easy，May cause some controversy。It doesn’t matter，Can be supplemented and adjusted。When choosing these 20 books, first consider the recognized classics，Also give due consideration to the needs of the knowledge structure of today’s college students。In fact, college students should also bet365 live casino betting some biographies and literary works of great people。For example, "The Biography of Beethoven" and "Che".The Biography of Guevara》，Also "Jane Eyre", "How Steel Was Tempered" and "The Ordinary World"，etc.。In this planarization、In the vulgar air，The deeds and moving works of these legendary figures will make people feel what heroism is，What is noble sentiment and fulfilling life。The following books are suitable for liberal arts and science students。
bet365 online casino, Bible.There are many Chinese translations，Easy to find。The Bible is the official classic of Christianity，Also known as "The Old and New Testaments"。Be regarded as the basis of Christian doctrine and theology，Content includes history、Legend、Law、Poetry、Discussion、Letters, etc.。Divided into two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament。The Old Testament is the official scripture of Judaism，Later recognized as the Bible by Christianity，But Christianity thinks，The Old Testament was made between God and the Israelites through Moses，The New Covenant is made with believers through Jesus Christ。The Bible has a sweeping and diffuse influence on Western culture，You can even say，Don’t understand Christian culture，It is impossible to understand the West。Focus on reading “New Testament”。More than just knowing the story or legend，To understand and imagine the religious feelings and transcendent spirit。Some "truths" can only be gradually realized after a certain age and experience。The Bible is simple in text，With the unique charm of scriptures，Only when you calm down can you bet365 live casino betting it。As supplementary reading, you can choose Eliot's "Christianity and Culture"，You Yang Minsheng、Chinese translation by Chen Changjin，Sichuan People's Publishing House 1981 Edition。
2, Plato's "The Republic".With Guo Binhe、Chinese translation by Zhang Zhuming，Business Library 1955 edition。Plato (428-347 BC) is an ancient Greek philosopher，Founded "Academy"，bet365 live casino betting is the earliest philosophy school in the West。Plato has a fundamental influence on the entire Western philosophy and culture，I even think that the entire development of Western philosophy in later generations is a continuous interpretation of "Plato's problem"。"Utopia" covers a wide range of topics，You can focus on reading about "The Origin of Justice"、Parts of State and Political Philosophy。The book uses dialogue style，Expanded in the dialogue with Socrates。Socrates is Plato’s teacher。
3, Meditations by Marcus Aurelius.Chinese translation by He Huaihong，China Social Sciences Press 1989 edition。Marco Aurelius (121-180) was the emperor of the ancient Roman Empire，Lost his father when he was young，Raised by mother and grandfather，In Greek Literature、Latin Literature、Rhetoric、Philosophy、Have high accomplishments in law and painting。After the death of his uncle (also adoptive father) in 161 AD，Become the Emperor of the Ancient Roman Empire，Reigned for nearly twenty years。"Meditations" is a book of reflection and self-motivation。He advocates following nature、Live according to your nature，Human life should be coordinated with the purpose of the universe，In the process of realizing the divine purpose, you also realize your own purpose，This kind of life can achieve perfection。For this，Emphasis on rationality，The soul remains awake，Deal with yourself and external objects、God or universal reason、Three aspects including the environment。"Meditations" is as the name suggests，bet365 live casino betting is to "meditate"，Use the power of reason to regulate your psychology, words and deeds，Respect、Obedience and piety，Pursue an optimistic life free from passion and desire，Be an upright and noble person。Reading books can appreciate some of the charm of Western classical philosophy，In view of the universe、In terms of outlook on life and other philosophies, I can appreciate the spirit that connects ancient and modern China and foreign countries。
4, Shakespeare's "Hamlet".There are many Chinese translations。Shakespeare (1564-1616)，Born in a farm family in the suburbs of London, England，Received a good education in childhood，Family decline in youth，Worked as a handyman and other jobs，Later worked as an actor and screenwriter in a theater troupe。Entered drama and poetry creation around 1590，Write more tragedies、Historical drama、Comedy and Lyric，Famous plays include Henry IV, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth and The Tempest，etc.。Shakespeare represents the peak of dramatic art during the European Renaissance，His presentation of European historical changes，Revelation of the richness and complexity of modern people’s inner lives，And innovations in dramatic structure and language arts，Long-term influence on the spiritual life of Westerners and the development of the entire Western literature and art。Almost all new literary theories in the modern West have come out，It is inseparable from the interpretation of Shakespeare，Even formed a specialized knowledge called "Sha Xue"。Shakespeare has become a symbol of Western culture。Shakespeare is accustomed to using rhetoric with strong color、A sentence pattern that has complex meaning and is suitable for stage recitation，bet365 live casino betting it as a poem，You can get its charm。
5, Rousseau's "The Social Contract".Chinese translation by He Zhaowu，Business Library 1980 Edition。Jean Jacques Rousseau,1712-1718) Famous French Enlightenment thinker、Philosopher、Educator and litterateur，One of the enlighteners of the French Revolution in the 18th century。Main works include "On the Origin and Foundation of Human Inequality", "Social Contract", "Emile", "Confessions", etc.。"Social Contract Theory" advocates that people are born free and equal，A state can only be the product of the free agreement of free people，If freedom is taken away by force，The people have the right to revolution。This book has played a role in ideological enlightenment on a large scale in France。Rousseau's "Confessions" can be used as supplementary bet365 live casino betting，This is an autobiography，To bare the soul、Famous around the world for his extraordinary courage and self-challenging spirit，More importantly, you can understand the Western individual liberation and romantic trends。
6，Adam Smith "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"。The first Chinese translation is "Yuan Fu"，Yan Fu translation。Guo Dali is nearby、Chinese translation by Wang Yanan，Business 1997 Edition。Adam Smith，1723-1790) is a representative of British classical political economy，Moral Philosopher，Known as the father of modern Western economics。Adam Smith proposed that prices act like an “invisible hand”，Will spontaneously adjust the economy，Leading private interests and social interests to align。Advocate that the state should not interfere in the economy，Let the economy develop freely，Let the price mechanism work spontaneously。This book will trigger thinking about the nature of market economy and its gains and losses。
7, Kant's "Critique of Practical Reason".Chinese translation about literary movement，Guangxi University Press 2002 Edition。Kant,1724-1804），Famous German philosopher，Has a huge influence on modern world and modern philosophy。Main works include "Critique of Pure Reason", "Critique of Practical Reason" and "Critique of Judgment"。About life、Emotion、rational、Morality、Time、Space、Planet、Universe and more，If we have transcendent thinking and exploration，What kind of wisdom will that require？What kind of new perspective on life will you gain？Kant’s books are very abstract thinking，Difficult to understand，You don’t have to understand everything，Get a little exposure to “real philosophy”，Nibble the "sour fruit" slowly，bet365 live casino betting’s a temperament，You will feel that you have exercised rational thinking，Broadened horizons，You will also gain something in terms of outlook on the universe and life。
8, Goethe's "Collected Sayings and Reflections of Goethe".You Cheng Daixi、Chinese translation by Zhang Huimin，China Social Sciences Press 1982 edition。Goethe,1749-1832），Germany’s greatest poet、Writer and Thinker。Main works include the novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther"，Poetic drama "Faust", etc.。Most of the aphorisms and reflections included in this book were written in his later years，Full of life wisdom，Especially for young people，can cultivate thinking，Cultivating oneself。
9, John Stewart•Mill "On Liberty".With Chinese translation by Xu Baoxiao，Commercial Press 2005 Edition。John Stuart Mill，1806－1873），Also translated as Muller (in the late Qing Dynasty, Yan Fu translated "Muler's Famous Studies")，Famous British philosopher and economist，Influential classical liberal thinker in the 19th century。The book discusses the rights and obligations of people in society，And how to responsibly exercise your freedom to be equal to others。In today’s world, everyone likes to talk about rebuilding social order or “personal design”，bet365 live casino betting "On Liberty" will trigger some essential thinking。
10, "Selected Works of Marx and Engels"(1-4Volume)。People's Publishing House 1995 edition。Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)，German social theorist，The founder of Marxism，Also the most influential figure in the history of world thought。If college students in the United States are required to bet365 live casino betting 10 human classics，There will be Marx and Engels。Horse、Engels is a name we are very familiar with，Their ideological theories are closely related to China’s social changes for more than a century，And it has been "internalized" as an important part of our modern Chinese culture，Flowing in the blood of many Chinese people。Because of historical reasons，Many young students are “disgusted” with these isms，But they don’t actually understand，You may not have bet365 live casino betting these “isms”。Criticize and dislike without understanding，Not a scientific attitude。Why not bet365 live casino betting the original text？The four volumes are a bit larger，You can choose some of them to bet365 live casino betting。
11, Toynbee's "Man and Mother Earth".There is a Chinese translation by Xu Bo and others，Shanghai People's Publishing House 2001 Edition。Arnold Toynbee,1889-1975）,British Historian，Also the macro-historian with the greatest influence in the West，Multi-volume "Historical Research"。bet365 live casino betting this book to understand the long history of human civilization，Help establish a world perspective of comparison of civilizations，Helps break through the rigid view of history。
12, John Rawls, A Theory of Justice.Chinese translation translated by He Huaihong and others，China Social Sciences Press 1988 edition。John Rawls (1921-2002)，Professor of Harvard University, USA。After the publication of his "A Theory of Justice" in 1971，Aroused widespread attention in the West，Regarded as Western political philosophy after World War II、One of the most important works in legal and moral philosophy。bet365 live casino betting this book，Observing politics will give you a sense of transcendence，The so-called political philosophy。As the name suggests，"A Theory of Justice" studies justice。This book discusses the definition of justice，The historical development of justice，The role of justice，Use the determined principles of justice to analyze the social and political system、Economic System and Civic Life，Involving all aspects of social life，And proposed solutions to the conflicts in Western society、Conflict、The people’s strategy；The book also discusses ethical and moral issues，Involving good、Self-esteem、Virtue、Sense of justice、Moral feelings、Self-discipline, etc.。We often use the concept of "justice"，You may have some more profound insights after reading this book。
13, Jameson "The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism".Chinese translation available，Published by Beijing Sanlian Bookstore in 1997。Fredric Jameson，Famous American critic and theorist，A leading figure in the field of Western Marxist cultural criticism，Challenging and controversial figure。Many publications，Mainly include "Marxism and Form", "The Cage of Language", "Political Unconsciousness", "The Seeds of Time", "Brexit and Method", "Cultural Turn", etc.。After the 1970s，Some new cultural phenomena begin to appear。American modernist literature with an openly rebellious spirit is gradually assimilated by the consumer society，The distinction between high art and commercial forms is disappearing，Literature and art have widely entered society and daily life。Contemporary culture and literature call for new theoretical exploration and critical practice。The book "The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism" analyzes literature in a dialectical way、Painting、Building、Music, movies and other mass media and popular cultural products，On the intrinsic relationship between production methods, culture and ideology，The connection between historical consciousness and changes in time and space，An in-depth discussion。bet365 live casino betting this book，It can help us critically understand the cultural phenomena in today’s media and Internet era。
14, "The Analects" and "Mencius".Actually, they are two kinds of books，Combined into one here。Most students may have bet365 live casino betting it，But not necessarily bet365 live casino betting through，bet365 live casino betting with thinking。Only bet365 live casino betting it completely for thinking，It’s interesting，Tasteful。Appreciate the wisdom of life inside，That simple and down-to-earth attitude，Also has insight and understanding of human affairs，Magnificence and optimism，The essence of those thoughts，Will continue to nourish the whole life bit by bit。There are some dross in it，Or ingredients that are not suitable for modern times，Have a critical eye，Throw away the meaning of worship。I don’t recommend reading those with too much “subjective investment” at the beginning、Relevant works that may be too “modern”，Don’t be satisfied with those over-explained “Chicken Soup for the Soul” popular books (which also have their functions，But college students no longer need it)，Because it’s easy to block your own mind。Also，You can also bet365 live casino betting some "Zhuangzi"。If the Analects of Confucius makes people understand life，Then "Zhuangzi" may make people sometimes transcend and imagine life。
15, "Shishuoxinyu".A note from the Southern Dynasties period，Compiled by a group of literati organized by Liu Yiqing (403-444)，Annotated by Liu Jun from Liang Dynasty。More than a thousand articles in the book，Describe the anecdotes of celebrities and nobles from the late Han Dynasty to the Liu Song Dynasty，Mainly comments about relevant characters、A story of clear talk and witty responses，Quite interesting。bet365 live casino betting this book can make you yearn for the "Wei and Jin style"，The so-called "mostly the Southern Dynasties were broad-minded"，Poor Eastern Jin Dynasty is the most romantic"，That was indeed the era when the Chinese spirit was most liberal and brilliant。“Wei and Jin style” has also become one of the most important legacies of Chinese culture。
16, "Three Hundred Tang Poems".There are hundreds of anthologies of Tang poetry，The most widely circulated one is "Three Hundred Tang Poems" compiled by Hengtang retired scholars in the Qing Dynasty (1711~1778)。Not necessarily the best book from an academic perspective，But "Three Hundred Tang Poems" has a wide selection of poems，This is a good introductory book for general contact with Chinese classical poetry。The so-called "weather of the prosperous Tang Dynasty"，A big heart that is desirable even today，And the unrepeatable beauty of Tang poetry，has become the aesthetic accumulation of the nation。Tang poetry and Song poetry are often called together，bet365 live casino betting Tang poetry，bet365 live casino betting some more Song lyrics，It’s a natural thing。
17, "Guwen Guanzhi".It’s Wu Chucai from the Qing Dynasty、Selected ancient prose selected by Wu Tiaohou in the 33rd year of Kangxi (1694)，Engraving and printing in the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi (1695)。The title of the book "Guwen Guanzhi" means that the articles included in the collection represent the highest level of classical Chinese，This is the end of learning classical Chinese。It contains ancient history、Literature、Masterpieces in various aspects of philosophy，Always very popular，Regarded as an enlightenment reading for students。To learn classical Chinese，Feel the beauty of ancient Chinese，Feel the style and spirit of Chinese culture formed over thousands of years，Reading "Guwen Guanzhi" is a convenient choice。It is recommended to bet365 live casino betting slowly，Select a dozen of them and recite them。
18, "A Dream of Red Mansions".Maybe most students are familiar with it，Not necessarily bet365 live casino betting through。Watching movies and TV shows cannot replace reading the original novel。The appearance of this book is a miracle，Represents the pinnacle achievement of Chinese literature。Reading "A Dream of Red Mansions" can not only appreciate the beauty of literary expression，You can also learn about ancient Chinese culture and the physics of human relationships。The breaking of tradition in "A Dream of Red Mansions"，Characteristics of transcendent thinking，You can understand it from a philosophical level。My feelings and thoughts on reading "A Dream of Red Mansions" when I was young，It may change a lot after a few years。Different age groups will have different understandings when reading it。
19, "The Complete Works of Lu Xun".Lu Xun is a giant of modern Chinese culture。Over the past hundred years，Profound understanding of Chinese traditional culture and Chinese national character，Lu Xun is the first person。Reading Lu Xun makes people very sober，Knowing people and commenting on the world，Maintain a critical eye on reality。10 volumes are too big，Not necessarily bet365 live casino betting in full，But among them, "Scream", "Wandering", "Weeds", "New Stories" and "Morning Blossoms Picked at Dusk" should be bet365 live casino betting in full，You should also bet365 live casino betting more essays。There are separate volumes of Lu Xun’s essays in the market，can be adopted。
20, "Selected Works of Mao Zedong".Mao Zedong is the founder of the Republic，A great man who greatly influenced the destiny of modern China。To understand the modern history of China，Understand the motivations, gains and losses of revolution，Understand the spiritual structure of Chinese culture formed in modern times，You must bet365 live casino betting Mao Zedong no matter what。Not to mention that Mao Zedong was one of the best writers in vernacular after the May Fourth Movement，bet365 live casino betting "Selected Works of Mao Zedong"，You can learn simplicity of thinking and expression、Dialectic。The four volumes of "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" are a bit bigger，You can focus on reading "Inspection Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan", "On New Democracy", "Speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art", "On Contradiction", "On Practice", etc.，Other browsing and extensive reading。