November 18, 2014，The "Guangming Daily" "Celebrities Talk about Subjects" column published a long article "Chinese Subjects: Deep Tradition and Open Road" written by Mr. Wen Rumin of our college，Comprehensive description of the history of the Chinese subject、Current situation and prospects。
Wen Rumin，First-level professor of humanities and social sciences at Shandong University，President of the Chinese Modern Literature Research Association，Chief Editor-in-Chief of Compulsory Education Chinese Textbooks of the Ministry of Education。
Referring to the subject of "Chinese Language and Literature" (often referred to as "Chinese Language and Literature")，Most people are not unfamiliar with it，Even somewhat "good enough to get in the mouth"。Because regardless of "language"，Still "literature"，All are closely related to our lives，“Chinese subject” is a traditional subject with a wide social influence，It is also a basic subject that plays an "engine" role in university humanities education。Almost all comprehensive universities today、Normal universities and some vocational universities，All have "Chinese Language"。If mathematics is the mother of natural science，Then "language and literature" is also in a similar "leading" position in the entire liberal arts。
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“Chinese subject” has a long history，From pre-Qin to late Qing Dynasty，Traditional education basically takes language and literature as its main content，In addition to familiarity with the classics and history collection，It’s a lesson on poetry or writing techniques，Cultivating mainly literati。Traditional academics are not as divided into disciplines as they are now，Literature, history and philosophy are divided into separate subjects，It is the product of modern education。A modern university was built in the late Qing Dynasty，Establish the "Chinese Literature Department" (later also known as the "Chinese Literature Department")，“Chinese Subject” becomes an independent subject。From the 1920s to the 1940s，“Chinese Language Subject” is gradually taking shape，On the whole, we still inherit the traditional Pu Xue，Pay attention to textual research、Collation、Notes，Scientific empirical methods were introduced later，Strive for prosperity and national quintessence，Melt new knowledge，Traditional scholarship and modern scholarship are increasingly integrated and adaptable in the conflict and entanglement，The research and teaching level of "Chinese Subject" has been greatly improved。Teaching emphasizes "being knowledgeable and knowing the source of literature"，Literary history research becomes the highlight。The “Chinese subject” during this period was biased toward elite education，cultivated many outstanding talents in liberal arts and education。
After the 1950s，Influenced by the Soviet Union，Emphasis on professional education，The division of literature, history and philosophy has become increasingly obvious，The Chinese Department has gradually formed a tripartite situation of "literature", "language" and "classical literature"；Although it emphasizes favoring the present over the past，But the study of language and literature of "ancient" fonts is still the main focus，And some emerging branches of disciplines have been added，Like Literature and Art、Modern and contemporary literature、Foreign Literature、Linguistics、Modern Chinese，etc.，Expanding research fields，Strengthened connection with reality，The discipline system has also been improved。After the disaster of the "Cultural Revolution"，Resurgence of disciplines in the 1980s，“Chinese Subject” is extremely active，How much “explicit knowledge” can be achieved in a moment；Research in various disciplines and branches has also gradually deepened，Remarkable achievements，However, the basic pattern of research and teaching still remains within the original framework。
Relatively significant changes have occurred in the past ten years。Facing the new situation bet365 slotsand the requirements of the times，Talent training model of “Chinese subject”、Curriculum setting and scientific research，There are major adjustments。Undergraduate training shifts from specialization to general education，The Chinese departments of most universities are no longer divided into majors，Some are integrated into a "Chinese language and literature major"，The positioning of the teaching goal is to cultivate higher language skills、Literary literacy，"Comprehensive talents" with certain writing ability。There are only a few comprehensive universities (such as Peking University、Fudan) still maintains three majors，But we also try to open up the boundaries between each other；Undergraduate degree focuses on general studies，Add a little professional training；Attained master’s degree、The professional direction is further subdivided at the doctoral stage，Enrollment must even be implemented in a certain branch of the secondary discipline。Whether it is postgraduate training or academic research，There is still a trend of increasingly fine division of labor，The pros and cons remain to be analyzed。
Research scope, branches and curriculum of the discipline
“Chinese Subject” is a first-level subject covering a wide range of subjects，Usually divided into 7 secondary disciplines。Due to the different positioning and conditions of each university，There will be some differences in subject setting，But the course arrangements are similar，The main "difference" lies in the secondary disciplines。Here is a brief introduction。
There are 3 secondary subjects in the "Literature" major，Literary Studies、Ancient Chinese Literature、Modern and contemporary Chinese literature，Mainly study ancient and modern literary theories and literary origins，Comments on important writers’ works and literary phenomena，Combining the historical context of literary development，Follow the current status of contemporary literature；Of course，Literary criticism will also be involved、Foreign Literature、Comparative Literature、Folk Literature、Film and Television Literature、Popular literature and minority literature，etc.。Literature is always rooted in specific cultural soil，So study literature through the analysis of cultural phenomena，Or observe social culture from a literary perspective，“Dialogue” with contemporary social culture，It is also receiving more and more attention from literary research。
The “Language” major also has 3 secondary subjects，i.e. ancient Chinese、Modern Chinese and Linguistics。Because the research objects of linguistics are not limited to Chinese，Involving a wide range of topics，Now independent from the "Chinese Subject"，"Upgraded" to a first-level discipline，Called "Linguistics and Applied Linguistics"。Some universities have specially established departments of linguistics。However, considering the historical status of the subject and the convenience of teaching，The Chinese departments of most universities still maintain the "individual separation" of literature and language，Therefore, the language major was changed to include a second-level discipline "Chinese Linguistics" (including ancient Chinese and modern Chinese) and a first-level discipline "Linguistics and Applied Linguistics"。The "Language" major is dedicated to exploring the evolution of Chinese language in ancient and modern times，combing voice、Syntax、Pragmatic and other phenomena as well as language ontology as the research object，Explore the rules of language。With the increasingly close cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries，Teaching Chinese as a foreign language has gradually become a subject branch in recent years。Also，Computational linguistics combined with mathematics and computer science has also become a “new favorite”。
There is only one second-level subject in the "Classical Literature" major，That’s classical literature，Mainly study the methods of organizing ancient books，Usually version involved、Directory、phonology、Exegesis and other branches of disciplines。Compilation of ancient classics、Interpretation of ancient classics、Ancient characters、Chinese Cultural History、Research on foreign sinology and other aspects，This is also the proper meaning in the title。There is a shortage of talents in the subject of "Classical bet365 online sports bettingLiterature"，Some university Chinese departments cannot offer courses in this area，Or only open popular courses such as "Chinese Reference Book"。“Chinese Studies” is very popular nowadays，Some universities have specially established research institutes of Chinese studies，Or open Chinese studies classes，The advantage is to get through，But the scope of study is too broad，It may also be that the expertise is insufficient。
Nowadays, the "Chinese subject" of most universities offers 7 basic courses according to the second-level subjects，Required for first and second year undergraduates。Arrived in second and third grade，Gradually increase professional elective courses。There are also some schools (usually schools without journalism and communication majors) that offer some interdisciplinary or applied courses，Such as press publishing、Film and TV、Secretary、Writing, etc.。Students are also taking courses、Discover your own interests or strengths through reading and research，Read literature in the senior year、Professional courses in language or literature，Preparing for graduation thesis or graduate school。To Master、PhD training stage，The "Chinese subject" of most universities is based on several secondary subjects to recruit students and teach by subject。Research directions for teachers and researchers，Most of them belong to a certain secondary discipline。
From three“required”Looking at the functions and prospects of the Chinese subject
Last ten years，Course Settings for “Chinese Subject”、Talent training and academic research are changing，The general trend is to adapt and meet the needs of the new era，Enhance the vitality of subject development。We can meet the three "needs" from the perspective，To understand the functions pursued by “Chinese Subject”、Value and significance。
First, the need to inherit tradition。Mother language is the main carrier and important component of national culture，Learn and study mother tongue，It is the prerequisite for inheriting excellent cultural traditions。And what is commonly referred to as "Chinese Studies"，The study of tradition，Part of its core content，It is the object of current "Chinese Studies" study。For example, ancient Chinese、Ancient Literature、Classical Philology，All knowledge necessary to understand and inherit excellent traditional culture。Now we emphasize the importance of inheriting the excellent traditional culture，First of all, we must find out what "treasures" traditional culture has。But there is a very short supply of talents capable of doing this work。Carry out the compilation of large-scale ancient books such as "Confucianism Collection"，To recruit doctoral students，Students are very difficult。“Chinese subject” is to cultivate “reading seeds”，Inheriting the fine traditions of the Chinese nation、Has an important mission in building social spiritual culture。
The second is the need for the development of “language life” and “literary life”。Today’s world，The trend of economic globalization is increasing，The rapid development of modern science and information technology，New communication media continue to emerge，Promoted tremendous changes in society’s “language life” and “literary life”，To people’s ability to use language and culture、Literary selection ability also puts forward higher requirements。Language specifications centered on Chinese studies、Language Strategy、Language economy、Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language and Computer Linguistics，etc.，Many cutting-edge topics have also gradually entered the field of vision of "Chinese Studies"。
The third is the need for Chinese education。Use of language，Including life、Listening, speaking, reading, writing and literary activities at work and study，Exists in all areas of life。The ability to use language and literary aesthetics，These are the basic abilities of modern citizens。So from elementary school to university，All of them have continuous requirements for "Chinese" learning，Some universities still offer "College Chinese"，In primary and secondary schools，“Chinese” is always a main course。Current Chinese language education in primary and secondary schools has been criticized，There are indeed many problems，Often blamed on exam-oriented education，In fact, the quality and general professional level Bet365 Casino loginof teachers are also worrying。Universities (especially normal colleges) must have some people specializing in Chinese education research，The society also expects more outstanding talents to devote themselves to Chinese education。
From the perspective of three "meeting needs"，The "Chinese Subject" is indeed rich in academic resources、Great potential，Disciplines with promising prospects。
Current situation: Coming out“Trough”, return to normal
“Chinese subject” had a “glorious” period，Especially in the 1980s，The beginning of reform and opening up，The gate of ideological emancipation is opened，The humanities welcome a vibrant spring，There were many “literary youths” with ideals in mind at that time，Studying the Chinese language department in university has become the first choice for many people。But times have changed，The society shifts to centering on economic construction，More students want to learn knowledge that can be applied in the world，Or pursue a major that may be more "effective"。Especially with the arrival of the wave of marketization，The humanities, including the “Chinese subject” once lost its glory，Even in embarrassment，The door is deserted。The fate of a discipline is inevitably influenced by the trend of the times，The vitality of a discipline often depends on the degree to which it meets social needs。Judging from the situation in recent years，“Chinese Studies” has clearly come out of the “trough”，A roundabout turn from the peak, return to normal。
"Chinese Subject" returns to normal，It’s a welcome change。Society begins to question and say goodbye to the simple "GDP worship"，While developing the economy，There is a growing awareness of the urgency and urgency of rebuilding spiritual civilization，To the "Chinese subject" that takes cultural inheritance as its own responsibility，Naturally, there will be more expectations and investment。Nowadays, many industries are looking forward to accepting Chinese talents。For example, literature、Film and TV、Culture、News、Published、Education、Management，etc.，Any industry that needs a “pen”，Graduates who study Chinese are welcome。Even from the perspective of finding a job，There are more and more employment opportunities for Chinese department graduates。In many normal universities，“Chinese Studies” has become the most popular subject with the most stable student population。
Behind the normalcy of “Chinese subject”，There is still some kind of quiet change hidden。After solving the problem of “food and clothing” for many families，Pay more attention to spiritual needs，When choosing a major, you also pay more attention to personality、Hobby，I hope that the major I choose can best become my future "career"，Not just a "career" for rice。Generally speaking，More sensitive to language (especially written) expression，More talented、A person with personality，People who don’t particularly care about material comfort，You may prefer to choose "Chinese Subject"。We are delighted to see，There are more and more young people who truly start from “interests”，Choose this subject。
Clarify several opinions on Chinese subjects“Misreading”
Despite this，There are still some "misunderstandings" about "Chinese subject" in society，When choosing your choice after the college entrance examination every year，You may also have a vague understanding of applying for the Chinese Department，Needs clarification。
Some people may think that learning Chinese is “unpractical”，Unlike some majors, which have very real skills。Indeed，Because it is a basic humanities subject，Wide knowledge coverage，We also pay special attention to the edification experience，Not all the things you study are so "practical"。For example, studying Li Bai and Du Fu，Feel the unique charm of Tang poetry，There is no "practical value"。Study the rules of language change，Examination of ancient writing，It is also difficult to convert into "silver"。Many knowledge in "Chinese subject" seems "impractical" on the surface，It may not directly create value，But from the perspective of the cultural inheritance and development of the country，From the perspective of spiritual cultivation，We have to admit that "Chinese subject" has a "useless purpose"，It’s very useful”。
Some people take it for granted，Learning Chinese is all about writing and writing、Shaking his head bet365 live casino bettingand chanting the Four Books, Five Classics and ancient poems，A bit shabby，Isolated from reality。This is also a lack of understanding of this subject。“Chinese Subject” attaches great importance to tradition，Of course you have to read ancient books，Learn ancient literature、Ancient Chinese，But this is knowledge，Use modern perspectives and methods in the study process，Can gain a lot of knowledge and interests，It can also enrich your inner life。This is a very fulfilling thing，Where does the "shabby taste" come from？The "Chinese subject" itself is a subject of "education"，Be able to cultivate yourself while studying，Win two birds with one stone，In today’s impetuous environment，It is rare to have this kind of spiritual "cultivation"。Not to mention classical，The "Chinese Subject" also studies modern and contemporary literature、Foreign literature and contemporary culture，etc.，It is the integration of ancient and modern China and the West，Not separated from society。“Chinese subject” is not a divorce from reality、A sleepy place，Opposite，The Chinese Department (College of Liberal Arts) is often the most intellectually active department on many university campuses。General elective courses of the Chinese Department，Most of them also have radioactive effects in universities。
The most eye-catching aspect of “Chinese subject” is often “literature”，Those who think the courses in the Chinese Department are “not practical”、Comparatively “virtual” misunderstanding，Also refers to "literature"。In fact, "Chinese subject" can be said to be both false and true，Balance of reality and reality，There is more than just "literature" (not to mention that studying literature cannot be said to be "virtual")，There are also very real "languages" and "classical documents"。“Philology” trains the ability to read and organize ancient books，It is necessary to work hard。Can you say that this knowledge is not "real"？Although linguistics research is classified as humanities，But part of it is about empirical investigation and scientific analysis，Relatively close to science。Different from the traditional Chinese department，Nowadays, the research field of "Chinese subject" has expanded，Some are interdisciplinary or combine arts and science，Often at the forefront of scientific research，It can also directly create practical value。Currently some universities are recruiting students for some subjects in Chinese departments，Already have both arts and sciences。Students who like science，You can also realize your potential in the Chinese Department。
There are also some students applying for the "Chinese Subject"，Imagine the Chinese Department as the cradle of writers，I often choose this subject with the "dream of being a writer"。This is also biased。Indeed，The Chinese Department has produced many writers，But "Chinese subject" generally does not set the training of writers as a teaching goal。Writers must have talent，Have a life，Can be met but not sought，It is not something that the school can deliberately cultivate。The positioning of "Chinese Literature" is to take language and literature as the research object，Cultivate talents with high quality and ability in this field。After all, society needs very few writers，But it requires a lot of "pens"。Enter the Chinese Department even if you don’t become a writer，At least it should be able to become a "penholder"。Students studying Chinese have received basic training in language and literature，Strong writing skills，Having strong adaptability to engage in various industries and academic research，Greater “stamina”。The Chinese Department has cultivated many talents，The road to development is broad，Not just in academic circles，People in various industries，And they can all be done well。
Of course，Relatively profitable at present、In the floating atmosphere，“Chinese subject” also has difficulties，Disadvantages。For example, the division of labor in disciplines is too detailed，Each one’s own camp，Create many academic bubbles；Students don’t read much，Not good at writing，Lack of "literacy"，No consciousness of cultural heritage，etc.，All need improvement。
I remember I wrote a passage many years ago: "What is the charm of the Chinese Department？Deep in tradition，Active in thought，Pure academic bet365 online sports betting livestyle，What’s more important is its philosophy of running a school: not to engage in vocational training that is eager for quick success，Rather, we strive to help students learn to find the path in life that best suits them，Lay a solid foundation，Enable the sound development of overall quality, including personality and spirit。”This may be our ideal “Chinese subject”。